Mieloma múltiplo: perspectivas prognósticas à luz da genômica

Abstract

Introduction: According to the literature, approximately 10 to 20% of patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM) die within 2 until 3 years after diagnosis, these cases are referred to as high-risk MM. Studies have shown that poor outcomes are associated with genetic abnormalities that may influence disease development. Objetive: This study aimed to conduct an integrative review of the literature on genomic biomarkers associated with prognosis in MM. Methods: An integrative literature review was carried out based on the selection of studies from the electronic databases Embase, Web of Science, and PubMed. The following Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) in English were used, combined with the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR”: multiple myeloma, genomics and prognosis. The search covered studies published between 2023 and 2025. Results: The studies analyzed demonstrated that alterations in the expression of miRNAs, such as miR-16, miR-21, miR-25, and miR-221/222, lncRNAs such as NEAT1, circRNAs, and genes associated with the p53 pathway are strongly associated with prognosis, overall survival, and therapeutic response in multiple myeloma. Moreover, certain genes, such as TYROBP and FAM72D, showed potential to predict recurrence and tumor aggressiveness, while PRGs (pyroptosis-related genes) suggest new pathways for prognostic investigation. Conclusion: The results of this review indicate that specific genomic alterations are strongly associated with prognosis, disease progression, and therapeutic response in MM, highlighting the potential of genomics as an essential tool for risk stratification and the development of personalized therapies.