Fatores que influenciam o desenvolvimento do câncer de mama

Abstract

Breast cancer is a common and serious disease that affects many women worldwide, especially in Brazil, where the incidence increases after the age of 40. It is diagnosed through exams such as mammograms and ultrasounds, which allow for early detection. However, self-examinations tend to identify the disease at more advanced stages. The main symptoms include lumps, swelling, and skin changes. Various risk factors influence the development of breast cancer, including age, family history, lifestyle factors (such as obesity and alcohol consumption), and radiation exposure. Genetic predisposition, particularly mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, also plays a significant role, but environment and lifestyle are equally important. Breast cancer treatment may include radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery, and hormonal or immunotherapy. In Brazil, it is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women, and access to diagnosis and treatment faces challenges in the public health system (SUS). Although rare in young women, it becomes more common after age 50, especially in the southern and southeastern regions of the country. Factors such as education level and ethnicity also affect its prevalence. This study, based on scientific articles from the past 10 years, aimed to investigate the factors contributing to the development of breast cancer, considering genetic and environmental aspects. The literature review highlights the importance of public policies that encourage prevention, early diagnosis, and accessible treatment. Furthermore, advancements in research on genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 allow for more precise early detection in at-risk groups. However, structural and access barriers within SUS still hinder swift and effective care. In conclusion, breast cancer is a critical public health issue in Brazil. Awareness of the importance of regular exams and lifestyle changes is essential to reducing mortality, while policies that improve access to treatment can benefit women of all social classes.