Controle de infecções em tratamento de queimaduras: uma revisão da literatura

Abstract

Introduction: A burn is a trauma caused to the skin as a consequence of exposure to external agents such as extreme heat or cold, chemicals, solar radiation, electric current or other agents such as plants and animals. The burn damages the skin, which is the essential tissue for maintaining body homeostasis, thermoregulation, and physical barrier against infectious agents, in addition to immunological, sensory, and metabolic actions. An injury to the tissue promotes tissue rupture and as a consequence there is an imbalance in the healthy tissue and in the resident microbiota, leaving it prone to pathogenic invasion, capable of causing infection Objectives: To assess the incidence of infections in burn injuries in the last five years; to characterize the most frequent microorganisms; to identify the most commonly used types of treatment and to identify preventive measures for infection control in burn injuries. Methodology: This is a descriptive review of scientific literature, using the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (Lilacs), Google Scholar and Virtual Health Library (VHL) databases. The following Descriptors in Health Sciences (DeCs) were used: "Infection", "Burns" separated by the Boolean operator "AND". Inclusion criteria were original scientific articles published within the last five years, in Portuguese, and articles that did not meet the selected criteria and literature review articles were excluded. Results and discussion: Thirteen articles were selected, of which 6 (46.1%) described the incidence of infections in burn injuries, which was 55.8%. The microorganisms most frequently identified in infections of burn injuries were highlighted in five articles, these being: Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacilli and yeasts, Acinetobacter baumanni spp., Enterobacter cloacae, Candida albicans, Proteus sp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae. And the treatment most used in burn injuries was cited in three articles (23.0%), which was: silver sulfadiazine compound, followed by AGE, associated with non-adherent dressings. Prevention measures to control infection in burn patient injuries were described in 12 articles (92.3%), which were: good patient management, minimal use of invasive procedures, use of protocols to reduce the risk of SSRIs, use of antibiotics and training of the multidisciplinary team. Conclusion: Preventive actions are indispensable for reducing cases of infection in burn wound care, focusing on training the technical knowledge of the multidisciplinary team responsible for patient care, in addition to measures such as reducing invasive procedures, proper use of antibiotics and care measures and promotion of a safe environment.

Keywords: Infection; Burns.