Contribuições da atividade física e da dieta na gestão da dislipidemia para a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares

Abstract

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is one of the main modifiable risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases, characterized by alterations in serum lipid levels such as total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Objective: To evaluate the combined impact of physical activity and diet on the reduction of blood lipid levels in individuals with dyslipidemia. Methodology: This is an integrative literature review conducted on the PubMed database, based on scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025, written in English, involving individuals over 18 years of age, and including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled clinical trials. Results: Various dietary patterns and complementary strategies significantly impact the lipid profile and cardiovascular risk, making it essential to understand their particularities. Low-carb and ketogenic diets improve triglycerides and HDL, although they may increase LDL in certain metabolic profiles; meanwhile, low-fat diets reduce total cholesterol and LDL without negatively affecting HDL or triglycerides. High-fat diets vary according to the type of fat, with unsaturated fats showing beneficial effects and saturated and trans fats being associated with increased cardiovascular risk, highlighting the importance of appropriate fat substitution. High-protein diets benefit individuals with type 2 diabetes by reducing total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, with a slight increase in HDL. The DASH diet reduces total cholesterol by 2.6% and LDL by 3.3%, with no significant changes in HDL or VLDL, while hypocaloric diets (with ≥10% calorie reduction) lead to overall improvement in the lipid profile. Vegetarian and vegan diets reduce total cholesterol and LDL in the long term, although they may lower HDL and increase triglycerides in some cases. The paleolithic diet sustainably reduces LDL, while the Mediterranean diet increases omega-3 levels. Foods such as olive oil, strawberries, tomatoes, almonds, cocoa, and whole grains help improve the lipid profile, whereas excessive egg consumption may increase LDL levels. Regular aerobic exercise improves lipid levels, while intermittent fasting combined with exercise does not provide additional lipid benefits and may increase glucose and insulin when performed in a fasted state. Thus, the combination of a balanced, hypocaloric diet, rich in high-quality proteins, low glycemic index carbohydrates, and healthy fats, with regular physical activity, especially aerobic exercise, is the most effective strategy for improving the lipid profile and reducing cardiovascular risk. Conclusion: Integrated lifestyle modification strategies are essential for the effective management of dyslipidemia, helping to reduce the risk of adverse cardiovascular events.