Entenda sobre o Triplo-Negativo: Um raro tumor de mama

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant neoplasms among women in Brazil and worldwide, representing a serious public health concern. Among the existing molecular subtypes, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), which accounts for approximately 15% of cases, is characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. This biological feature makes TNBC an aggressive tumor with low survival rates, a higher recurrence rate, and limited therapeutic options.This study aims to address the main aspects of TNBC, including its risk factors, diagnostic methods, therapeutic strategies, and preventive measures. The methodology adopted was a qualitative narrative review through bibliographic and electronic information sources. The main risk factors identified were age under 50 years, early menarche, late menopause, genetic and hereditary factors, endocrine and behavioral influences, and mutations in BRCA genes, especially BRCA1. Diagnosis is performed through clinical and imaging exams, such as mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging, followed by biopsy with histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis, which is essential for confirming the triple-negative subtype. The absence of all three hormonal markers confirms the TNBC diagnosis and requires a specific therapeutic approach. Treatment is mainly based on combined therapies, whether concomitant or not, such as surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy (a promising approach for TNBC), as well as the use of natural compounds. Radiotherapy and hormone therapy are not considered effective for this cancer subtype. Prevention is based on early diagnosis, proper screening, and control of risk factors. In this context, this study demonstrates the importance of awareness and understanding of TNBC, given its aggressiveness and therapeutic limitations. It challenges clinical and oncological practice and highlights the need for further investment in research and the development of more effective therapies aimed at improving prognosis and quality of life for patients.