Fisiopatologia e fatores predisponentes da doença de Alzheimer de início precoce

Abstract

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is considered the leading cause of dementia worldwide and represents a major public health issue. It is characterized by a chronic and irreversible neurodegenerative process marked by gradual memory loss, cognitive impairment, and behavioral changes that compromise the autonomy and quality of life of affected patients. Among its clinical forms, Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD) stands out, affecting individuals up to 65 years of age and presenting a more aggressive progression, directly impacting the social, professional, and family lives of patients. Given these factors, this study aims to further investigate the pathophysiology and predisposing factors of EOAD in order to inform and raise awareness among the population about its possible symptoms and effects, as well as the identification of biological markers and diagnostic methods involved, through a narrative and exploratory literature review conducted using electronic databases. The pathophysiology of Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (EOAD) involves complex mechanisms related to the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and the hyperphosphorylation of the Tau protein, events that lead to inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal death. Neurochemical alterations involving the cholinergic and glutamatergic systems contribute to the worsening of cognitive decline. Recent studies show that genetic factors exert a strong influence on the development of the disease, especially mutations in the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, and APOE genes. In addition to genetic influence, epigenetic, environmental, and emotional factors also play a role in the progression of the disease. Conditions such as depression, anxiety, oxidative stress, physical inactivity, sleep disorders, and low social interaction may intensify brain damage and accelerate the onset of symptoms. In this context, early diagnosis is essential and can be achieved through clinical evaluation, neuropsychological tests, laboratory examinations, neuroimaging, and genetic analyses, enabling more effective therapeutic interventions. Although there is still no cure for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the available treatments aim to slow its progression and provide a better quality of life for patients. Therapeutic management involves both medications and complementary strategies, such as cognitive stimulation, physical activity, occupational therapy, and family support, demonstrating the importance of a multidisciplinary and humanized approach.